La lengua de explicación en la presentación del vocabulario y sus efectos en la adquisición léxica en español LE/L2

Matías Hidalgo Gallardo

doi:10.14198/ELUA.23700

Autores/as

Matías Hidalgo Gallardo Escuela Oficial de Idiomas (EOI) “Madrid- Embajadores”, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-4979

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/ELUA.23700

Palabras clave:

lengua materna, método de presentación, enseñanza del vocabulario, aprendizaje intencional, aprendizaje incidental

Resumen

En un contexto de revalorización léxica, este estudio analiza los efectos de la lengua de explicación (L1 o L2) en la fase de presentación del vocabulario. Para ello, se evalúa el impacto a corto y medio plazo de tres métodos directos de presentación léxica (listado de palabras, ejemplos y texto glosado), que se sirven, bien de la traducción en L1 (italiano), bien de definiciones en L2 (español), y de un método indirecto (inferencia por contexto) en la recuperación y reconocimiento de vocabulario en español por parte de 161 estudiantes de español como lengua extranjera de nacionalidad italiana. Además del efecto de la lengua de instrucción y del método de presentación, se examinan la influencia del tipo de instrucción (intencional o incidental) y el grado de adquisición del conocimiento productivo frente al receptivo y del conocimiento formal frente al semántico. Dichos estudiantes realizaron una serie de pruebas de clasificación lingüística, cuyos resultados arrojaron un nivel intermedio (B1-B2). Las unidades meta evaluadas son de naturaleza monoverbal y presentan niveles muy bajos de frecuencia, incluso representan variedades dialectales del español. Los informantes fueron sometidos a dos pruebas: un test inmediato tras la intervención didáctica y otro postergado una semana. En ambos se midieron cuatro constructos de naturaleza productiva y receptiva que daban cuenta de la conexión forma-significado (por orden, se evaluó la recuperación de la forma, la recuperación del significado, el reconocimiento formal y, finalmente, el reconocimiento semántico). Los resultados revelan beneficios significativamente mayores para los métodos intencionales, con protagonismo del texto glosado. El conocimiento receptivo (frente al productivo) y el semántico (frente al formal) se adquiere con mayor facilidad. Sin embargo, no se aprecian diferencias significativas en función de la lengua de explicación. Asimismo, se constata una leve disminución general en el recuerdo léxico a medio plazo, con mayor propensión al olvido por medio de la lista.

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